What follows is my translation of
an article by H. Sedaghat published on Iran Emrooz about a week ago. I lack the knowledge and expertise to verify or nullify his claims, but I find it a rather thinkable point of view.
Title: Why does Khamenei support Ahmadinezhad?
"They’re all one and the same" is the phrase that one many Iranians repeatedly used (at least) before the election to describe the present rulers and statesmen. But the high number of participants in the recent election and the subsequent unexpected results opened the eyes of Iranians to the full extent of disagreements between their rulers. A nation that, due to long years of a dictatorship and lack of transparency, has been obsessed by conspiracy theories, was faced suddenly with the realities about the leaders of the country. There is a lesson for the rulers that it is indeed the people’s right to be informed.
The revolution of 1979, which broke the dam of imperial despotism in Iran, gave power to new rulers that were influenced by a mixture of the traditional religion of the clergy and modern concepts presented by Shariati’s ideas. The dual nature of this revolution has occasionally misled some thinkers in the world into fallacy. For this reason, a philosopher like Foucault has gone so far as to call the progress of this revolution a manifestation of post-structuralism in the twentieth century.
This duality was classified based on the classic dichotomy of confrontation between the world of left and right. However, neither were the leftists Marxist nor the right liberal. The discussion was over pursuing a socialists’ interpretation of Islam or following the Islam-ruled market.
Under the charismatic leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini, this heterogeneous nature was sustained in a relatively stable balance. Khomeini intelligently saw that only the leftists were able to manage the country in the critical situation of war, but tried to keep both sides satisfied. After his death, Khamenei became the supreme leader but the strong leadership that could maintain the balance vanished. The power struggle gradually favored the traditional viewpoint.
At the same time the power was transferred to a relatively right-wing section of the government and a principle organ of the regime, Hashemi Rafsanjani. However, Rafsanjani’s viewpoint was in favor of modern capitalism rather than a traditional market. Rafsanjani’s grip of power was at a cost and in order to reduce some tensions, he had to withdraw a number of strong managers, which were connected to the left wing. He was forced to give the military forces, just back from the war, a managerial role in order to increase the executive power levels. As a result, the contracting activities of the Revolutionary Guards (RG) started in the Khatam-al-Anbia military base and later formed a very strong economic base for this organization.
In these years, Khamenei, who had no strong base among the clergy and was not as popular as the former leader, had no influential role. Gradually, he was also attracted to power and looked for strategic partnership with others that eventually has led to his partnership with the RG servicemen.
Meanwhile, the leftists, often tagged as Imam-line followers, got free from executive responsibilities and found a valuable opportunity for educating themselves. Its outcome, a few years later, was the Kian group and Soroush’s students, from the social aspect, and the Strategic Research Center under the leadership of Mousavi Khoeini and Saeed Hajjarian, from the political aspect. They showed up under the name of "reformists". The fundamental changes in their viewpoints were remarkable. Shariati’s old students, which previously were following their master’s ideas to establish a "democratic religious" government, has been taken to secularism under the influence of Soroush after witnessing the paradox in the two words of their original goal. At a time when concepts such as "melting in the supremacy" were essential for entering the power structure and "defying the supreme leader" was heretical, this spectrum kept silent.
Alongside this ideological evolution in the left party, the right-wing leaders, who were joyfully ruling in the absence of the first group, shifted from right to centre, and finally created a relatively technocratic spectrum that formed the Kargozaran Party under the spiritual leadership of Rafsanjani, the president at that time.
The formation of Kargozaran coincided with that of the Imam-liners’ newest approach. Their consistent goals guided them into a successful coalition that eventually led to the presidency of Khatami. This victory came as a surprise for both the reformists and their competitors. The reformists initially failed to attract Mir Hossein Mousavi’s convoy, who was the symbol of the authority of the left wing during the war, thus losing ground to the main candidate of the right wing, Nategh Nouri. With supporting Khatami, the reformists were merely hoping to introduce some of their evolved ideas to the people and eventually show off, with up to 5 million votes, their new role in the political structure. But the thirsty young Iranian community embraced the reformists and its allies such that, with all the disbelief, this wing’s candidate was sent to the presidential palace in 1997 with great authority. Not to forget was the role of Rafsanjani and his influential act in preventing election fraud at the Interior ministry.
In between, Khamenei had filtered the Revolutionary Guards to a military party under his full control and put aside Mohsen Rezaei who was claiming a third ideology besides the left and the right. Khamenei gradually felt the risk of the reform movement, but couldn’t stand against it since Rafsanjani was supporting the reform and the RG was not yet fully trusted. Therefore, he approached the traditional clergy. The right-wing, which was struck by the elections and had lost power, regained its consciousness and quickly organized severe attacks with the support of Khamenei. Among these activities were the serial murders of the intellectuals, 1999 attack on the student dormitory, the consequences of the Berlin Conference, and the attempted assassination of Saeed Hajjarian. These attacks became so severe that the reform movement had to retract many of its proposed concepts in order to stay in power. They had to replace the "civil society" with "Medinah-tun-Nabi" (City of the Prophet) or "democracy" with "religious democracy.”
Meanwhile, there was a profound disagreement between the reformists and their strategic ally, Rafsanjani. The first group was cautiously [but unwillingly] using "system" instead of "state," while the latter was committed to the running framework. The reformers, while disapproving the concept of supreme leadership and aiming for a secular state, had two opponents: Khamenei and Rafsanjani. Reformists had correctly found out that the main protecting force of the system so far was the first, Rafsanjani. But they made a strategic mistake by supposing that ousting the first from power will force the latter to leave the stage. They started to attack Rafsanjani and unintentionally participated in a game, arranged by the supreme leader Khamenei, to humiliate Rafsanjani in the sixth parliamentary elections in 1999. This event was a turning point in the formation of a new power centre in the shadow of the leader. Khamenei, in a well-orchestrated scenario, forced Rafsanjani to candidacy for the parliament and, on the other hand, further stimulated the reformists to destroy Rafsanjani’s image. With Rafsanjani’s shaming defeat in the elections, Khamenei could show off, for the first time, his grip of power and hit his old rival in the face.
The reformists, proud of defeating their first opponent, set the stage to deal with the second opponent, however they were not considering that his newly gained power, in the company of his military party, is not easy to take over.
Khatami adopted new foreign policies for relaxing tensions and therefore enhanced the international relations and the possibility of technology exchanges. Soon, topics related to nuclear energy in Iran became serious but the interesting point was that Khatami’s men had no fate in this type of activity even for peaceful purposes. Behzad Nabavi, one of the top managers during the premiership of Mousavi, had a remarkable role in the economical decision-making during war time and even supporting the front line. He was left out of Rafsanjani’s Ministry of Industry, then invited by Zanganeh, Minister of Energy at the time, to focuse on establishing the country’s cheapest electricity plants; the gas-fueled combined cycle power plants. He, together with Safai Farahani, established the semi-public MAPNA company, which is currently an important contractor of such projects.
Many methods of producing energy have no economic justification in Iran because of the cheap in-house fossil fuel. Among these are wind and water generators and nuclear reactors. On the other hand, thermal and gas power plants are more justified. The combined cycle plants are more efficient and the cheap gas, which otherwise is directly burned over the oil wells, adds to the commercial value of this type of plant.
During Khatami’s presidency, Nabavi got a key management role again but this time from behind the scenes. He played a similar role in the sixth parliament as well and the Majlis was also responsible. Zangeneh became responsible for the Oil Ministry and this time with Nabavi’s efforts, they established the most important fossil fuel projects in the Southern Pars gas field. Note that Iran has the second largest gas reserves in the world after Russia. Half of these gas reserves are in Southern Pars gas field shared with Qatar, which has been extracting from this field since 1991. The ministry used all means to advance toward their goal. They changed contract names from "buy-back" to "cross-selling" in order to bypass the Guardian Council and even registered satellite companies in the UK.
Khatami’s statesmen were experts on topics related to energy supply. These managers tried to pursue serious projects considering all the rational choices, so they took a few steps towards harvesting nuclear energy with reasonable speed and using internal resources or eventually inviting some Iranian professors from abroad, but they never thought to use it as a threat.
The approach of Khatami’s team towards the nuclear energy was not satisfying Khamenei. Khamenei was strongly in favor of building the technology for a nuclear bomb, specifically with the aim of consolidation of power in the region, but could not pursue it under Khatami’s presidency.
The competitors of the reformists succeeded in creating an atmosphere of despair and frustration from the reform process. With their support, a new force grew with the help of populist propaganda that succeeded to win the presidency. In the beginning, this fresh party was not fully trusted by the supreme leader, but was able to gain Khamenei’s confidence gradually such that he took back the strategic control of the nuclear talks from his fully trusted correspondent, Larijani, and offered it to Ahmadinejad.
Ahmadinejad’s aggressive policies, tough position against the world powers, and increase in oil prices, which filled the treasury with cash, created glimmers of hope for Khamenei to satisfy his old desires. But Ahmadinejad’s mismanagement, especially with the economy, severely hit the body of society, such that Mousavi and Khatami became so worried that they personally became involved in the rescue of the country from misery. It went so far that this election campaign became a tragedy for the system.
Ayatollah Khamenei obviously held a major part of the power in the recent years. With Ahmadinejad’s arrival in 2005, perhaps it can be said that less than 10% of the power was outside the leader’s reach. On the other hand, if Mir Hossein Mousavi would have become the president, Khamenei’s power was reduced to about 60% but he was still the most powerful figure and in principle could do anything he wanted. So why is Khamenei still supporting Ahmadinejad after this scandalous election?
Economic experts in Iran have predicted that the oil prices will increase this year to over 70 dollars per barrel and will stay so for at least three more years. On the other hand, a politician with a soft approach, named Obama, has become the president of a country which is topping others that are in odds with the Iranian regime. Khamenei is wondering that with the oil money in the upcoming years and the opening of talks with the U.S., he can kill some time and make a nuclear bomb.
Unlike what leaders of the world, and especially Obama, think about the foreign policies of Mousavi and Ahmadinejad being identical, Khamenei knows well that Mousavi and his statesmen, who are who are the same former managers and against the threat of nuclear energy, will oppose to Khamenei’s desire to develop nuclear weapons. Perhaps that is why Safaei Farahani and Behzad Nabavi are among the first in the recently arrested. One should consider that Mousavi has deliberately pointed out in his campaign that he wants to rescue the country from the crisis caused by sanctions and it certainly is impossible without stopping the underground nuclear research and full cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Fortunately, Obama has ruined a major part of the Khamenei’s plan by showing harder reactions to the recent trends in Iran and the crimes against human rights that are taking place, and particularly threatened that it will overshadow the negotiations between the two governments. Let us hope that other countries will stand consciously against the new game of the Iranian ideological regime.